CHANGES IN SOCIAL RELATIONS IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES DURING THE PERIOD OF ISLAMIZATION
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This article analyses how social relations changed in the urban and rural communities of Transoxiana (Movarounnahr) during Islamization. Islamization is treated not as a purely confessional act but as a long, uneven social transformation that unfolded under the pressure of new political authority, taxation, landholding, and local elites. In towns, change was bound up with administration, trade, mosques and madrasas, and the incorporation of new Muslim social groups; in villages, it was tied to land relations, peasant obligations, the local aristocracy, and the persistence of older customs. Fiscal obligations such as jizya and kharaj redefined social status, while jurists and Sufi shaykhs acted as mediators. The study reads Islamization as a differentiated yet interconnected process in city and countryside.
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