MODERN ASPECTS OF HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

الملخص

Endocrine histology is a crucial branch of morphology, studying the microscopic structure of endocrine glands, their cellular composition, tissue organization, and functional relationships. The endocrine system plays a key role in maintaining the body's homeostasis, regulating metabolism, growth, development, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Therefore, a detailed study of the histological features of endocrine organs is essential for understanding their mechanisms of function under normal conditions and various pathological conditions.

This paper examines the major organs of the endocrine system, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas (islet apparatus), and pineal gland. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of their microscopic structure, cell types, their functional activity, as well as the characteristics of their blood supply and innervation. Structural differences between the adrenal cortex and medulla, features of the follicular structure of the thyroid gland, the cellular composition of the anterior pituitary gland and neurohypophysis, and the morphological features of the islets of Langerhans are described.